Indian Philosophy and its History ...

Indian Philosophy (History of ...)

A.  Common characteristics of different systems & schools of Indian Philosophy from Astik to Nastik either directly or indirectly from Vedas or otherwise

1.    All Systems are practical and accept it as a way of Life and not view of Life

2.    Some consider them Poorvapaksha and some opponents Uttarpaksha

3.    Philosophy starts with Spiritual Disquiet

4.    All consider the cause of suffering as Ignorance

5.    All teaches practical wisdom, knowledge and are educative for overcoming suffering, so provide an answer or solution out.

6.    All believe in Cosmic Order or Rita

B.  Four Noble Truths of ‘Buddha' the Enlightened One (Sidhartha Gautham)

‘Chatur Arya Satyani' - Sorrow, Cause, Cessation of Sorrow, Causes that lead to cessation of Sorrow

1.    Right Faith (Samyaka Drishti - Darshan)

2.    Right Resolve (‘Samma Sampakko' - Sankalp)

3.    Right Speech

4.    Right Action

5.    Right Living

6.    Right Effort

7.    Right Thought

8.    Right Concentration - Samadhi

C.  Jiva in Jainism and the concept of Liberation and Bondage

Jiva are of two kinds, free and bonded jives. Liberated jives are of infinite intelligence, nature, peace (bliss), faith, power. It is non spatial and temporal i.e., beyond time and space...

Bonded jives (Empirical ones) are / or can be one sense only, two sense, 3 sense, 4 sense and 5 sense type. They are moving like animal & human and non moving like vegetable kingdom, trees etc. Spirit is everywhere and occupies all space.

There qualities are consciousness and knowledge. There are innumerable spirits (or Jiva) - infinite in each one.

In Jainism, there are 3 ways of knowing

1.    Bad judgment or durniti

2.    Naya or just a view - an opinion

3.    Freedom or bondage

Freedom / Liberation or Bondage concept

1. Jiva in Bondage because of Ignorance

a. Anger

b. Greed

c. Pride

d. Delusion                                                                                          

These create Kashaya or sticky (gummy) Asrava or flow in Mind (Psycho-Physical), blocking Liberation

2.    Bondage are of two kinds

a.    Bhava Bandhan - Mental

b.    Drabya Bandhan - Substance (Physical)

3.    Liberation by Tri - Ratna - (3 or Triple Gunas)

a.    Right Faith

b.    Right Knowledge

c.     Right Conduct

4.    Sambal or Strengths: 5 - Sutras or Balas (Strengths)

a.    Non Violence

b.    Satya

c.     Asteya

d.    Brahmacharya

e.    Aparigraha

This are great vows at Thought, Word and Deed level (Manasa, Vacha and Karmana level)

D. 7 - categories of Padarthas in Vaisheshika

Padarthas are meaning of a word, an object signified by a word, the object that can be thought i.e., Known and named. Also, names or words that can be known as objects.

There are 7(6+1) categories

1)    Substance (Drabya)

2)    Quality or Guna of Substance

3)    Action or Karma of substance on world

4)    Generality or Universality (Samanya)

5)    Particularity or Individuality (Visishta)

6)    Inherence i.e., necessary o internal or infinite relation between substance and its quality (samvaya); other dies after separation

7)    Negation or (abhava)

Explanation
1) Drabya or Substance are Panch Mahabhutas Sky, Air, Fire, water and Earth, mind, Self, Time and Space

Four Panch Mahabhutas Earth, Water, Fire and Air are

a)    Atomic

b)    Indivisible (partless or undivided)

c)     Eternal

d)    Can be productive, they themselves being primary produce other secondary drabya in combination

=> Akash is a) Non Atomic b) Infinite c) Indivisible d) Unproductive

=> Time and Space are 1) Infinite and 2) Indivisible

=> Self is a) Atomic b) Omni present c) Eternal

=> Mind (knowing) Atom (is) with Self

4) Universalism is something which is in All and in which All is there and yet it is not different in different particular Padarth. It can be known through a particular but not by itself.

5) Particular

6) Inherent essential or necessary or intimate or internal relation between Drabya and Guna

7) Negation

Absence of an object is not the same thing as absence of its existence. Negation means negation of something somewhere. There is no absolute negation.

Four types  a) Prior negation - Anadi

                      b) Consequent negation - Anant

                      c) Mutual negation - Ananyaya

                      d) Atyanta Bhava or Absolute negation,   
                          nowhere (absence of its existence)